Completion Complete each
statement.
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1.
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Waves are ____________________ if they bounce off a surface.
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2.
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Mechanical waves can be transverse or ____________________ waves.
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3.
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The property of waves that allows them to bend around a barrier is
____________________.
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4.
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Waves may bend if they move from one ____________________ to another.
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5.
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Waves do not carry matter, but they do carry ____________________.
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6.
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Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and ____________________ are four
characteristics of waves that can change.
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7.
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In visible light, color is an indication of ____________________.
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8.
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The common name for the reflection of sound waves is an
____________________.
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9.
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In a compressional wave, one wavelength is the distance between adjacent
compressions or adjacent ____________________.
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10.
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Light waves travel more ____________________ as they enter water.
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11.
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When light is reflected from a rough surface, the reflected light
____________________, producing no image.
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12.
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Waves ____________________ best when their wavelength is similar in size to the
opening they are moving through.
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13.
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the innermost layer of Earth’s interior ____________________.
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14.
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one plate sinking under another ____________________.
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15.
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mountains made of huge, tilted blocks of rocks surrounding faults
____________________.
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16.
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mountains made when forces inside Earth push up the crust
____________________.
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17.
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magma that reaches the surface ____________________.
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18.
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largest layer of Earth’s interior ____________________.
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19.
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Earth’s outermost layer ____________________.
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20.
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sections of the lithosphere ____________________.
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21.
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made of molten metal ____________________.
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22.
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fracture in rocks where movement occurs ____________________.
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23.
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mountains formed by folding rock layers ____________________.
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24.
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mountains made of lava ____________________.
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25.
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Natural process that causes rock to break and crumble
____________________.
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26.
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Breaking down rock by changing its chemical composition
____________________.
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27.
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Sandblasting of rock by wind-blown particles ____________________.
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28.
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Gravity causing rock or sediment to move downhill ____________________.
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29.
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Breaking up rock without changing it chemically ____________________.
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30.
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A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air, and water
____________________.
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31.
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Removal of small loose particles of rock by the wind
____________________.
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32.
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Wearing away and removal of rock material ____________________.
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33.
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The flow of water over Earth’s surface ____________________.
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34.
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Two important causes of chemical weathering are ____________________ and
____________________.
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35.
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Two important causes of mechanical weathering are ____________________ and
____________________.
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36.
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Freezing and thawing cause rocks to break because the volume of ice is
____________________ that of the same amount of water.
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37.
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Acid rain causes a ____________________ change in rock.
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38.
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Melting glaciers deposit ____________________, sediment ranging from sand or
clay to huge rocks.
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39.
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Rivers flowing from melting glaciers deposit ____________________ consisting
mostly of sand and gravel.
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40.
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Glaciers can erode rock by ____________________ the rock below, or by
____________________ large pieces of rock.
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41.
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When freezing and thawing cause sediments to move slowly downhill,
____________________ takes place.
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42.
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____________________ causes rocks and loose sediments to travel downward.
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Write the correct terms in the blanks, using the descriptions below.
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43.
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long, large wave caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun
____________________.
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44.
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wind-driven currents ____________________.
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45.
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layer of seawater that changes temperature rapidly ____________________.
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46.
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tiny marine producers in the upper layer of the ocean
____________________.
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47.
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organisms that eat producers ____________________.
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48.
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a current that brings deep, nutrient-rich water to the surface
____________________.
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49.
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the way energy is transferred from producers to consumers to decomposers
____________________.
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50.
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deep-water currents caused by cold water sinking and pushing up warmer water
____________________.
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51.
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swimming organisms such as shrimp and halibut ____________________.
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52.
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organisms that make their own food ____________________.
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53.
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a measure of the amount of salts dissolved in the ocean
____________________.
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Choose the term in parentheses that correctly completes the
sentence.
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54.
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The oceans produce ____________________ (20%, 50%, 70%) of the world’s
oxygen.
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55.
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Ocean water at the mouth of a large river would have a salinity
____________________ (greater than, less than, the same as) the water in the middle of the
ocean.
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56.
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If you have ever walked into a lake, or even a swimming pool, and noticed cold
water around your feet while there was warm water around your arms and shoulders, you have
experienced ____________________ (a density current, an isotherm, a thermocline).
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57.
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Surface currents are caused by ____________________ (wind, tides,
density).
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58.
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The California Current makes the city of San Francisco ____________________
(colder than, warmer than, the same temperature as) the interior of the state.
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59.
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Fishermen hope for ____________________ (density currents, upwellings, El Ninos)
because they cause fish to thrive.
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60.
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Waves carry ____________________ (energy, force, matter).
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61.
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Tides are caused by ____________________ (the wind, density currents, the
Moon’s gravitational forces).
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62.
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A collection of organisms and the nonliving factors that affect them is
____________________ (an ecosystem,a community, a population).
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63.
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Twenty-five percent of all marine species live around ____________________ (the
Gulf Stream, coral reefs,deep water trenches).
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64.
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____________________ live on or near the ocean floor and eat partially
decomposed material.
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65.
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A(n) ____________________ is a rhythmic disturbance that carries energy.
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66.
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Steep cliffs are carved out by ____________________.
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67.
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Surface currents bend to the right in the northern hemisphere because of
the____________________.
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68.
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____________________ is a measure of the amount of salts dissolved in
seawater.
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69.
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The highest point of a wave is its ____________________, and the lowest point is
its____________________.
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Multiple Choice Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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70.
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Waves can ____ when they move from one medium to another.
a. | disappear | c. | bend | b. | interfere | d. | split |
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71.
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A(n) ____ wave DOES NOT need matter for energy transfer.
a. | electromagnetic | c. | compressional | b. | mechanical | d. | sound |
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72.
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In a mechanical ____ wave, matter moves at a right angle to the wave
direction.
a. | compressional | c. | light | b. | transverse | d. | electromagnetic |
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73.
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The speed of sound in water is ____ the speed of sound in air.
a. | greater than | c. | equal to | b. | less than | d. | not greater
than |
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74.
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A region of spread-out particles in a compressional wave is called a(n)
____.
a. | compression | c. | interference | b. | rarefaction | d. | medium |
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75.
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Waves can combine with each other; this is called ____.
a. | interference | c. | compression | b. | wave addition | d. | rarefaction |
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76.
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Wave frequency is the ____ of waves passing a given point per second.
a. | amplitude | c. | speed | b. | wavelength | d. | number |
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77.
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In a(n) ____ wave, matter moves back and forth in the same direction as the
wave.
a. | compressional | c. | light | b. | transverse | d. | electromagnetic |
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78.
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The action of a wave bouncing off a surface is called ____.
a. | rarefaction | c. | reflection | b. | refraction | d. | diffraction |
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79.
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Amplitude reflects the amount of ____ in a wave.
a. | energy | c. | rarefaction | b. | compression | d. | speed |
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80.
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A(n) ____ is the distance between a point on one wave and the identical point on
the next wave.
a. | amplitude | c. | frequency | b. | wavelength | d. | compression |
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81.
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The ____ of waves can change when the waves move from one medium to
another.
a. | altitude | c. | speed | b. | amplitude | d. | compression |
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82.
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A mechanical wave can travel only through ____.
a. | air | c. | matter | b. | water | d. | a vacuum |
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83.
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The action of a wave bending around a barrier is called ____.
a. | reflection | c. | refraction | b. | diffraction | d. | rarefaction |
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84.
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For significant ____ to occur, the wavelengths should match the size of the
opening they are passing through.
a. | reflection | c. | refraction | b. | diffraction | d. | rarefaction |
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85.
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Mount St. Helens formed from ____.
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86.
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A pulling force called ____ causes plates to move apart, eventually forming new
lithosphere.
a. | compression | b. | convection | c. | tension |
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87.
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Earth’s interior has ____ distinct layers.
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88.
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Places where the edges of different plates meet are called plate ____.
a. | rifts | b. | boundaries | c. | earthquakes |
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89.
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The principle of ____ states that Earth’s crust and lithosphere float on
the upper part of the mantle.
a. | erosion | b. | isostasy | c. | subduction |
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90.
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All of the following examples of mass movement except ____.
a. | slump | c. | creep | b. | abrasion | d. | mudslides |
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91.
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Chemical weathering takes place fastest in a ____ climate.
a. | hot and wet | c. | hot and dry | b. | cold and wet | d. | cold and dry |
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92.
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Soil forms rapidly in a ____ climate.
a. | desert | c. | tropical | b. | polar | d. | mountainous |
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93.
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If a stream slows down, deposition ____.
a. | increases | b. | decreases | c. | remains the
same | d. | depends on the slope of the stream |
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94.
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Rich soil is often found under ____.
a. | forests | c. | deserts | b. | glaciers | d. | grassy lands |
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95.
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Cirques are caused by ____.
a. | abrasion | c. | glaciers | b. | weathering | d. | stream
deposition |
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96.
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Mass movement is caused by ____.
a. | mudflows | c. | water | b. | gravity | d. | ice |
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97.
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Carbon dioxide and water combine to form ____.
a. | iron carbonate | c. | carbonic acid | b. | tannic acid |
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98.
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When valley glaciers remove rock from mountain tops, large basins or bowls
called ____ are carved out.
a. | craters | c. | gullies | b. | cirques |
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99.
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When wind carrying sand slows down, it sometimes deposits sediment to form
_____.
a. | rills | c. | mudslides | b. | sand dunes |
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100.
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The most important agent of erosion on Earth’s surface is ____.
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101.
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When warm air rises and cool air sinks, it is called ____.
a. | conduction | c. | clouds | b. | convection |
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102.
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During evaporation, water ____ energy.
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103.
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____ clouds extend through all layers.
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104.
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Giant rivers of ____ develop at high altitudes and are called the jet
stream.
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105.
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When a warm air mass and a cold air mass meet but neither advances, it is a
____.
a. | stationary | c. | cold | b. | occluded |
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106.
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Most of Earth’s rain and snow comes from ____.
a. | groundwater | c. | the stratosphere | b. | rivers and lakes | d. | the oceans |
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107.
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Salinity is a measure of ____.
a. | dissolved salts | c. | sodium carbonate | b. | density | d. | dissolved gases |
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108.
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Many animals use ____ to form bones or shells.
a. | sulfur | c. | calcium | b. | sodium | d. | phosphorous |
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109.
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Producers containing chlorophyll ____.
a. | perform photosynthesis | c. | are at the top of the food chain | b. | eat
consumers | d. | are
nekton |
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110.
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A zone in the ocean where temperatures change rapidly is the ____.
a. | thermopause | c. | temperature barrier | b. | thermocline | d. | temperature
zone |
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111.
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An ocean current only a few hundred meters deep and powered by the wind is a
____.
a. | density current | c. | tidal current | b. | wind current | d. | surface current |
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112.
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The tidal range is affected by ____.
a. | the wind | c. | frequency of the waves | b. | the position of the
Moon | d. | temperature of the
water |
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Modified True/False Indicate
whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the
statement true.
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113.
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The largest part of Earth’s interior is the crust.
_________________________
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114.
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As depth increases to the center of Earth, temperature increases.
_________________________
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115.
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A result of moving plates is that continents do not remain in the same
location over time. _________________________
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116.
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A mid-ocean ridge forms when plates collide.
_________________________
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117.
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One plate sinking underneath another plate is called convection.
_________________________
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118.
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Oxygen is the most prevalent gas in Earth’s atmosphere.
_________________________
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119.
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One type of aerosol occurs when wind picks up salt over the ocean.
_________________________
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120.
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For each kilometer of altitude, there is a corresponding 6.5°C
temperature drop. _________________________
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121.
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Rising air indicates high pressure. _________________________
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122.
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An air mass can acquire the characteristics of the area it covers.
_________________________
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True/False Indicate whether the
statement is true or false.
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123.
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High-pitched sounds have high frequencies, and low-pitched sounds have low
frequencies.
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124.
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Amplitude and frequency may vary in waves, but all waves travel at the same
speed.
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125.
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Waves travel in straight lines and therefore cannot bend as they pass through a
narrow opening.
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126.
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Mechanical waves transmit matter, while electromagnetic waves transmit
energy.
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127.
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When you watch lightning, the light reaches you before the sound of the
accompanying thunder because light travels faster than sound.
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128.
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Diffraction causes diamonds and other gems to sparkle.
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129.
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In a mechanical compressional wave, the wave energy causes the matter in the
medium to move up and down or back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave
travels.
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130.
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A group of molecules that are squeezed together is called a compression.
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